Injection Molding Essays - Injection Molding, Injection Moulding

Infusion Molding Infusion shaping is a procedure used to frame items from plastic. The procedure requires a shape, clipping segment, infusion unit, and a plastic. As time has progressed so has infusion forming by growing new methods and new items to help in the assembling of the infusion formed parts. Infusion forming was utilized as ahead of schedule as the 1860's. It tends to be utilized to shape numerous various items. Regardless of whether the items are little, enormous, complex, or straightforward they can be delivered. Infusion shaping has gotten from metal kick the bucket throwing. In any case, the polymer can't simply be filled a shape, it must be constrained into the shape depression. The polymer is constrained into the shape and weight is held on it to maintain a strategic distance from shrinkage in the shape hole as it cools. Infusion shaping is equipped for delivering countless parts with high exactness. All thermoplastics aside from polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE), polyamides, and a few sweet-smelling polyesters can be utilized by the infusion shaping machine. A few thermosetting plastics can likewise be utilized. The ordinary manufacture procedure can be done by one of two distinct kinds of infusion shaping gear. Either a unclogger, or responding screw type machine can be utilized. The procedure begins by dissolving the polymer sap. When the gum is liquefied, a form is put in the clasping unit. The clasping unit is to hold the form together. The unclogger or responding screw at that point power the polymer tar into the shape. In the unclogger worked machine, the unclogger is using pressurized water worked. This powers the plastic through a warmed zone, where it is then extend into a far layer by the torpedo. At that point the soften goes to the spout and is infused into the shape. The responding screw turns, this pushes the polymer pitch ahead for infusion. As the screw turns it acts to soften, blend, and siphon the polymer to set it up for infusion. The responding screw machine is the most generally utilized of the two machines. When the polymer pitch is infused into the form depression, the shape is permitted to cool. The shape has an entryway, which cutoff points reverse and coordinates the stream of the soften into the form depression. When the form has cooled and the polymer has set the form can be evacuated and the part can be shot out. When the door freezes, the screw starts to pivot again and the part is shot out. This finishes the process duration. Process durations run because of the measure of time the polymer needs to fix or harden. This is known as the hold time. A few favorable circumstances of infusion forming are high creation rates, plan adaptability, low resiliences, can process wide scope of materials, low work, practically no completing, and scrap is held to a base. In any case, a few disservices are high startup and running costs, part should be intended for powerful trim, exact cost expectation is troublesome, and machine cost is high. The high tooling costs originate from the molds being worked to a significant level of accuracy. The molds are typically developed of solidified device steel, and aluminum or other delicate metals while tooling life isn't an issue. Tooling expenses can run from $5,000 to $100,000. Notwithstanding, there are a few sections that can not be shaped by some other strategy for handling with the exception of infusion shaping. These parts commonly become possible around 1,000 pieces. To go with the high tooling costs there are a huge number of factors that accompany it. Infusion shaping machines may require exceptional plant benefits that other hardware doesn't. As innovation progresses so should the business to keep up creation. One way infusion shaping is keeping up is by getting robotized. For the most part, administrators are putting parts into molds, and afterward taking the parts out. Presently, mechanical gadgets are being utilized to put embeds before trim and expel parts in the wake of embellishment just as a host of different tasks also. Not exclusively does the mechanical autonomy accelerate the procedure, in any case, makes it considerably more financially savvy. Another way industry is attempting to keep up with innovation is by utilizing PC programming. The product is classified Form Counselor, which is a form structure and examination bundle that can be utilized to help accelerate tasks while decreasing tooling costs. Utilizing the past norm activity of planning molds an organization could without much of a stretch waste six to twelve weeks also, somewhere in the range of $30,000 to $40,000 on fixing a form that has an issue with filling accurately. The new programming will recognize these issues in advance previously creation starts. It

Overview Of Manchesters Castlefeild Viaducts History Essay

Diagram Of Manchesters Castlefeild Viaducts History Essay The Castlefield viaducts structure a piece of the citys captivating system of transport framework, which incorporates channels, conduits, cable car, rail and street. Beginning from the time of their development, these viaducts have been remaining as a steady and overwhelming element on the Manchester horizon. They are one of a kind concerning their memorable centrality and development. Its staggering building excellence is past sufficient portrayal, especially at first light and sunset.â In the twentieth century the viaducts experienced an emotional renaissance, and they were brought once again into beneficial use and brilliance. In spite of the fact that time and absence of considerable support are prompting dangers to the life and magnificence of the structure, they are in shockingly acceptable condition given their age. Appropriate support and substitutions will hinder the crumbling procedure of the structure. This report covers the basic, authentic and engineering criticalness of the Castlefield viaducts. It features how the maturing frameworks of the viaducts were adequately changed to a milestone structure of the advanced period. The rebuilding of the viaducts has given a sensational restoration to the Castlefield territory, therefore utilizing the already disfunctional structure. In this manner our point is to stretch the significance of monitoring the obsolete structures by utilizing the logical and specialized information increased through the ages. Substance Rundown OF FIGURES Figure Portrayal Source Spread picture Castlefield viaducts in 2010 Photo provided by creator 1.1 Castlefield viaducts in 1890 Conduits into Castlefield, John C Fletcher 1.2 Castlefield viaducts: A flying perspective www.webbaviation.uk 1.3 Castlefield viaducts in 1892 A stroll round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke 2.1 Roman fortification of Mamucium www.bbc.co.uk 2.2 Castlefield unearthings A stroll round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke 2.3 Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts www.panoramio.com 2.4 Northern Brick viaduct www.panoramio.com 2.5 Flowchart demonstrating birth history of viaducts Drawing provided by the creator 4.1 Organic development on the sides of the viaduct www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 4.2 Utilization of careful choosers in evacuating erosion www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 4.3 Breakage and consumption of iron areas www.forgottenrelics.co.uk 6.1 Design excellence of viaducts www.creativity103.com 6.2 Efficient utilization of spaces underneath the block curves of the viaduct Drawings provided by the creator A.1.1 Extraordinary Northern viaduct :picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.1.2 Extraordinary Northern viaduct: present picture http://manchesterhistory.net A.2.1 Northern Brick viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.2.2 Northern Brick viaduct: present picture http://manchesterhistory.net A.3.1 Iron segments of the viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.3.2 Iron segments of the viaduct: present picture www.barrymillerphotographics.co.uk A.4.1 Cast-iron curve of viaduct: picture from past www.canalarchieve.org.uk A.4.2 Cast-iron curve of viaduct: present picture www.engineering-timelines.com B.1 Plan of Castlefield in 1905 A stroll round Castlefield, Derek Brumhead and Terry Wyke B.2 Plan of Castlefield in 1988 Conduits into Castlefield, John C Fletcher B.3 Ethereal photo of Castlefield by Paul Tomlin Conduits into Castlefield, John C Fletcher B.4 Plan and area of the intersection between the Manchester and Birmingham and Liverpool and Manchester Railways. www.freepages.com 1. Presentation The Castlefield viaducts are the fantastic instances of nineteenth century disposition to designing. Their gallant beast scale is romanticized by the castellalated turrets embellishing the structure. The name Castlefield is a short type of field of the manor or post. Castlefieldâ is anâ inner cityâ area of Manchester, in North West England. It is seemingly one of the most truly significant regions on the planet. Advancements have multiplied here and numerous ancient rarities have been built. In 79 AD the Romans constructed their stronghold on raised ground, and channels were burrowed to permit common waterways to be redirected to mountain water levels. The universes absolute first railroad station was presented in Castlefield in 1830, to permit the principal rail transportation of coal as waterway bowls were various to such an extent that the main useful methods for using rail line transport was to fabricate viaducts. C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01024.JPG Figure 1.1: Castlefield viaducts in1890 Castlefield is prominent by its viaducts and its channels. The viaducts have become a permanent piece of the scene, esteemed and prized as a major aspect of Manchesters modern legacy. The reality of expanding the effectiveness of transportation, cleared route for the development of the Castlefield viaducts. Steadily designs were advanced not exclusively to save the zone yet in addition to advance relaxation and the travel industry. C:UsersreminDesktopcourse workbridge-castlefield-c8675.jpg Figure 1.2: Castlefield viaducts: A flying perspective During the twentieth century both waterway and railroad transport declined and the territory turned out to be fairly forsaken. The railroad complex in Liverpool Road was offered to a preservation gathering and became the Greater Manchester Museum of Science and Industry. C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01036.JPG Figure 1.3: Castlefield viaducts in 1892 2. Memorable RESEARCH 2.1. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SITE AND STRUCTURE Castlefield is the site of the first Roman post of Mamucium or Mamceaster (mam from the Celtic name for slope and ceaster got from the Latin word for a walled town). The fortification was around five sections of land in size and monitored significant course approaches to and from Chester, York and the Chesire salt wiches. The streets, railroads and channels of the Industrial Revolution devastated a large portion of the surface survives from the stronghold and the vicus. The cost of coal was divided, making steam power economically reasonable. The Rochdale Canal and a system of private branch waterways joined the Bridgewater at Lock 92 in Castlefield. The Bridgewater Canal companyâ connected their waterway to the nearby Mersey and Irwell Navigation and the Rochdale Canal Companyâ constructed its Manchester and Salford Junction Canal. Figure 2.2 Castlefield unearthings Figure 2.1 Roman fortification of Mamucium Artists impression of Roman Mamucium (c) Graham Sumner C:UsersreminDesktopDSC01034.JPG As new railroad organizations expected to get to the downtown area through to a great extent developed regions, just a single choice expose to them the structure of viaducts to convey traffic over the city. The railroad lines the focal cast iron curve of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham 1848 viaduct, with 1877 created iron Cheshire Lines Cornbrook viaduct clouded, and the huge docks of the 1894 neglected Great Northern Viaduct behind developed through the span of 50 years gave driving rail line organizations the entrance to the downtown area. These viaducts gave a magnificent arrangement outline to the issue of conveying a railroad over the city. The townscape of southern Manchester was given another change by the railroad and the Castlefield viaducts. Truth be told these viaducts are as yet the designing wonders of Manchester particularly Castlefield. C:UsersreminDesktopphotos1.jpg Figure 2.3.Cornbrook and Great Northern viaducts C:UsersreminDesktopphotos2.jpg Figure 2.4: Northern Brick viaduct 2.2. BIRTH OF CASTLEFIELD VIADUCTS The appearance of the Bridgewater Canal in Castlefield in July 1761 prompted a progression of advancements which inevitably caused the development of the Castlefield viaducts. These improvements are demonstrated pictorially as demonstrated as follows. Appearance of the Bridgewater Canal (checked Industrial Revolution) Joining of the Rochdale Canal and other private channels with the Bridgewater Canal Development of distribution centers and storage facilities provoked the requirement for getting to downtown area Decline in the cost of coal gave developing railroad lines for transportation. Development of the Castlefield viaducts for empowering railroad transportation Figure 2.5 Flowchart indicating birth history of viaducts 3. Basic OVERVIEW Unique STRUCTURE The cast iron curve railroad connect over the wharves by the Bridgewater Canal at Castlefield shapes some portion of the long block viaduct taking the Altrincham part of the Manchester South Junction Altrincham Railway (MSJAR) into Deansgate Station. The MSJAR was Manchesters first rural line. It ran from Manchester Piccadilly by means of Oxford Road and Deansgate (with a branch line to Altrincham). The scaffold traverses 31.9m. Like eight of its kin (the exemption being the Water Street MSJAR connect), it has six solid metal ribs each made in five sorts and dashed out. The ribs are supported with cruciform cast iron segments. The twin railroad tracks were continued solid metal deck plates (the Altrincham line is no longer in use).The Altrincham branch viaduct had a subsequent solid metal rib curve connect by Baker, over Egerton Street. It was reproduced in steel in 1976. The Northern Brick viaduct is altogether raised on multiple miles of viaduct. A large portion of this viaduct includes 224 block curves, averaging 30feet in tallness and length, and 28feet in width. Establishments regularly broaden 30-35feet beneath the ground level. Close Ordsall Lane the railroad crosses the Irwell with two any longer 65feet range block curves, bolstered by a column in the stream. A block curve with a range of 80feet was required to connect the trench branch. Enhancing the block curves, the cast-iron extensions go across 26 avenues and trenches. Initially, level support spans were ear set apart for these areas of the viaduct, yet when a case of this kind of scaffold crumbled under a train in Chester in May 1847 the plans were adjusted in the midst of wellbeing questions. Altogether, 28 cast-iron extension areas were required (three at Knott Mill), every one of them spreading over 70ft, aside from the model over the

Welcome to Your Virtual PA School Clinical Rotation

What if you could take a virtual tour through the NCCPA Content Blueprint? Not just mindless memorization of key terms and test worthy pearls, but matching those facts with faces. What if you could go bedside and visit patients with real conditions, even rare conditions from the comfort of your home? What if each of these patients was hand selected and curated to provide you with information that is not just relevant to your field of study but can help you pass your PANCE and PANRE board exam? What if you could repeat this patient visit time and time again, rewind or fast forward, explore fascinating real clinical cases and do it alongside a world-class medical provider holding your hand? Well, you're in luck because now you can! Smarty PANCE + ReelDx: The future of medical education Brian is a 17-year-old male who presents with dyspnea after sustaining chest wall trauma He has a Temperature of 98.8 F, Heart Rate: 69,Respiratory Rate: 15,Pulse Oximetry: 99% on a nonrebreather mask and aBlood Pressure: 126/87. Can you make the diagnosis?What is your differential? What would you expect in your exam findings? What tests should you order? Can you guess the diagnosis?Brian has aPneumothorax Brian's condition appears as part of thePANCE Blueprint Pulmonary section which accounts for 12% of your PANCE and PANRE exam. Michael is a 16-year old with six days of left-sided chest pain that is exacerbated with leaning forward He reports the pain is exacerbated with leaning forward. He has a history of asthma and vital signs as follows: Temperature: 98.8 F,Heart Rate: 70,Respiratory Rate: 12,Pulse Oximetry: 99% RA,Blood Pressure: 125/70. What is your diagnosis? What labs should you order to narrow down your differential? Can you guess the diagnosis?Pericarditis with pericardial effusion Michael's condition appears as part of thePANCE Blueprint Cardiology sectionwhich accounts for 16% of your PANCE and PANRE exam. Liam is a 10-year-oldboy with acute onset of ear pain and forward displacement of the external ear Liam reports otalgia worsening over the last five days. He has nasal congestion along with pain and erythema posterior to the ear. He is afebrile with a temperature of 98 F. On physical exam his mastoid is tender to palpation. What is the imaging of choice for this patient? What antibiotics (if any) should be used in Liam's management? Can you guess the diagnosis?The diagnosis isMastoiditis Liam's condition appears as part of thePANCE Blueprint EENT section which accounts for 9% of your PANCE and PANRE exam. Would you be able to spot this one when the time comes? Let's go bedside with John. John is a 51-year-old male who presents to your emergency room with acute onset of shortness of breath. He describes fatigue and feeling faint "as I had just run or climbed up a mountain" with recurrent episodes overnight. He denies chest pain. He reports a persistent cough that he attributes to allergies. He has a history of sleep apnea, occasional EtOH use and is a non-smoker. His vitals are as follows: Temperature: 97.7 F, Heart Rate: 113, Respiratory Rate: 20, Pulse Oximetry: 96% RA, and Blood Pressure: 139/98.Here is his EKG. Can you guess the diagnosis?John has apulmonary embolism John's condition appears as part of thePANCE Blueprint Pulmonary sectionwhich accounts for 12% of your PANCE and PANRE exam. "See one, do one, teach one." But what if you never see one? Do you ever think of patients from your clinical rotations? Of course, you do, these patients are the building blocks on which you constructed (or are constructing) your diagnostic skill set. I still remember the first time I diagnosed: Multiple Sclerosis Varicella (Chicken Pox) Erythema infectiosum Learning material for your boards can be a daunting task. Rote memorization may help you for a week or two as you practice to pass your exams. As much as you put yourself out there during clinical rotations, there are many conditions you will have missed. And that vital connection was never made - the one that links the condition to a face and an experience. Julie is a 12-month-old who presents to your ER with episodic abdominal pain and vomiting Have you ever seen this patient before? Is this just a simple case of pediatric viral gastroenteritis? Can you guess the diagnosis?Poor little Julie is suffering from intussusception Julie's condition appears as part of thePANCE Blueprint GI and Nutrition sectionwhich accounts for 10% of your PANCE and PANRE exam. The mortality rate from intussusception in children is less than 1%. If left untreated, however, this condition is uniformly fatal in 2-5 days. Now that you have seen it, I hope you will never forget it! Angela is a 31-year-old female with severe agitation, tremors and a history of alcoholism Sometimes good medicine is more than just knowing the diagnosis it is about having the right words to say, it is about empathy and helping our patients navigate the often challenging road of life. Withdrawal is covered as part of the PANCE and PANRE content blueprint psychiatry section. Current members can click here to view the interactive case presentation. You can't see it all? Or can you? So there you have it... Whether you are a PA student sweating through your clinical rotations, a certified physician assistant working in a busy medical practice, a healthcare provider looking to work abroad, a pre-physician assistantwho wants to get a heads up on the competitions Smarty PANCE is right for you. Even if you watch all 600+ current SMARTYPANCE + ReelDx video cases or if you just watch a few the impact will be profound. All 14 NCCPA Content Blueprint Coursesare complemented by a short quiz to test you on high-frequency key terms and concepts. You can flip through hundreds of high yield flashcards or access the library of over 500 Audio PANCE and PANRE board review questions. You can take one of the dozens of topic-specific and comprehensive 225 question board review exams, take any of the seven end of rotation exams, or sit for your very own five-hour virtual PANCE or the four-hour virtual PANRE. Best of all, you can do all this while becoming a better PA who will make the correct diagnosis when your patient needs you the most. Did I mention that the first 100 registrants will get 10% off any plan instantly by entering the code "IAMASMARTYPANCE"at checkout? Hurry, this one won't last long. Warmly, Stephen Pasquini PA-C You may also like -Episode 51: The Audio PANCE and PANRE Board Review Podcast Comprehensive Audio QuizWelcome to episode 51of the FREE Audio PANCE and PANRE Physician Assistant Board Review Podcast. Join me as Icover ten PANCE and PANRE Board review questions from the Academy course content following the NCCPA content blueprint []Episode 63: The Audio PANCE and PANRE PA Board Review Podcast Ten MixedNCCPA PANCE Content Blueprint Multiple Choice Questions Welcome to episode 63of the FREE Audio PANCE and PANRE Physician Assistant Board Review Podcast. Join me as Icover ten PANCE and PANRE Board review questions from []Overview of the PANCE, PANRE and Pilot Alternative BlueprintsNew 2019 PANCE, PANRE and Pilot Alternative to PANRE blueprints. With a look at the new PANRE three-tier assessment system.

The Treaty Of Versailles And Its Effect On The World War I

The Treaty of Versailles The Treaty of Versailles was a treaty signed between Germany and the Allies which consisted of Britain, France and America. The idea of the Treaty was to end World War one and Germany would be too weak to start another war. This meant that there would be peace throughout Europe for a long time but it was controversial at best. It was signed in the Versailles palace which was large enough for hundreds of people to be involved in the signing on 28th of June 1919. Germany had almost no say in what was put into the treaty but they had no choice but to sign it otherwise they would be invaded by the Allies. â€Å"Its 15 parts and 440 articles reassigned German boundaries and assigned liability for reparations†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦show more content†¦Along with the reduction of men, â€Å"Germany was not allowed tanks, submarines or military aircraft and the navy could only have six battleships† (Mr Hinds’ History; what were the main Terms of the Versailles Treaty 2016). This was created so that Germany would not have the force to declare war but still had the power to stop communism from getting into Western Europe. Another aspect to the Treaty of Versailles were the economic terms. These terms stated that Germany had to pay 6.6 billion dollars back to the allies. Germany was not able to pay this amount of money so they had to borrow money from nearby countries. This meant that Germany fell into huge amounts of debt and lost their title for second most economically advanced country in the world. There were two more important Terms for The Treaty of Versailles, they were the General terms and the territorial terms. There were three important general clauses to the treaty. The first was that Germany had to take all responsibility for the war, this was called the War Guilt Clause and it was the term that Germany was the most upset about. The second was that Germany had to pay for all war damages which was mostly to France and Belgium. The third was that a League of Nations was set up to keep world peace and Germany was not allowed to join. There were also the territorial terms of the treaty where Germany had to give up

The Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization - 1061 Words

The Legalization of Cannabis in Ohio Marijuana is a controversial topic all across the United States. Recently marijuana has been voted on, legalized, and denied legalization in multiple states. There are still more states trying to fight the green fight for marijuana. The fight for legalization hasn’t been an easy one for cannabis supporters; they have been fighting tooth and nail to make it happen. One of the main concerns in the marijuana debates are whether or not marijuana is a gateway drug, one of the main reasons it was first made illegal (Narconon). What the long term effects of marijuana use are is another key question that must be posed before legalization can be determined. The economic effects have been, using Colorado as an example, increasingly positive. All of these factors must be taken into account in order to create an educated opinion on the topic of marijuana legalization. When all factors are considered, I believe that marijuana legalization absolutely sho uld be passed. Numerous studies have in fact found that some users of marijuana do go on to use other illegal substances (Hall and Lynsky). Considering this though, a correlation between use of marijuana and other illicit drugs does not imply causation. This is to say that just because two things appear to have a relationship, does not mean that one or the other is the reason behind the other. Marijuana users that go on to other drugs may also do this due to previous mental conditions andShow MoreRelatedThe Legalization Of Marijuana Legalization Essay2566 Words   |  11 Pagescurrent prohibition on marijuana reforms has put the United States in a similar situation. Marijuana is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States. 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Esperanza Rising Book Review free essay sample

However, her father does not return and Alfonso, the boss of the field workers, delivers the bad news to Esperanza, her mother, and abuelita that her father has been ambushed and killed by bandits who roam the fields. Many people come to mourn Sixto Ortegas death and give their condolonces for their loss. Esperanza’s two uncles, Tio Luis and Tio Marco come every day to â€Å"sort† through her father’s paperwork. They bring the news to Esperanza’s mother that they have inherited the land and that she can remain on the ranch only if she agrees to marry Tio Luis. Tio Luis, the local bank director, plans to send Esperanza away to boarding school. After their house burns down to the ground, Ramona takes action to protect herself and her daughter from Tio Luis. Ramona tells Tio Luis that she will marry him to stall him from acting up on his threats. We will write a custom essay sample on Esperanza Rising Book Review or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ramona and Esperanza must leave abuelita behind her ankle when the house burned down. She decides to move to California with Alfonso, Hortensia, and Miguel to find work and a build themselves a better life. Ramona plans to work in the fields helping with the various crops that are grown in California. This offers a better life to Alfonso’s family, but not to Esperanza and her mother. They are leaving a life of prominence, luxury and wealth to live with their former employees in dirt floor cabins. Esperanza has a very hard time dealing with the loss of her father, separation from her grandmother and living in poverty. All the people of the camp know her story and she is ridiculed by some of the girls. She quickly learns to do household chores and to help watch the twins. After her mother becomes ill, Esperanza starts to work so she can pay her mom’s hospital bills and support herself. She works hard and saves her money so that she can bring her abuelita from Mexico to California to join them. Miguel who worked for her family all of his life risks it all to bring her abuelita to California. Esperanza Rising, by Pam Munoz Ryan, tells a story of hope and survival. Through many trials, Esperanza learns about the important things in life. REVIEW: I enjoyed this book very much. It is highly recommended. It is a story of set in the United States during the Great Depression Era and it shows how Esperanza overcame the obstacles of living in a new country despite losing everything. The book is written in English, but several Spanish words are used, which would be good to use in vocabulary development. Pam Munoz Ryan has described this book as being based on her own grandmother’s Esperanza’s life in Mexico and the United States. As a child, her grandmother would talk about her life in the farm camps. These stories inspired the book Esperanza Rising which tells a story of hope and survival. This book has an interesting story line and real-life characters. It brings forth the struggles of Mexican immigrants, racism, difficult and substandard working and living conditions of migrant farm workers in San Joaquin Valley, California and the history of the Great Depression.

Influences of Advertising to Consumer Attitude Towards Buying a Product Essay Example

Influences of Advertising to Consumer Attitude Towards Buying a Product Paper THESIS STATEMENT Advertisements are lifeline of companies. It persuades customers to buy their product. Everyone can use advertisements but they must obey the law. There are many types of advertisement that can influence consumer’s attitude to buy a product. The researchers think that TV ad is the most influential type of advertisement because most people watch TV and unlike other advertisements TV ad has the ability to convey your message with sight, sound, and motion. they more accurate to influence consumers because they can easily reach target audiences. I. Introduction Historical context, definition of advertisement and thesis statement II. History of Advertisement We will write a custom essay sample on Influences of Advertising to Consumer Attitude Towards Buying a Product specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Influences of Advertising to Consumer Attitude Towards Buying a Product specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Influences of Advertising to Consumer Attitude Towards Buying a Product specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer A. Definition of Advertisement B. people who first Advertisement C. Types of Advertisements D. New media and Advertising approach E. Future of Advertisements III. Problems Generated by Advertisements A. Alcohol and cigarettes B. Targeting Children C. Negative Influences IV. Benefits of Advertising A. Benefits to Companies 1. Help Increase Sales 2. Greatly Affect the companies lifeline B. Benefits to Consumers 1. Connect easily to the Company 2. Consumers can see the product form their houses than going to the store. V. Possible effects of Advertising A. To Children B. To teens C. To adult VI. Advertising and behavior A. Children underage of 4 maybe unable to distinguish advertising. B. Advertising increase consumption C. Public perception of the medium Conclusion TV advertisements are likely to be more influential to the public and greatly influence company’s lifeline to succeed. They are most likely to be use as a medium because they reach very large audiences. In June 1836, French newspaper La Presse is the first to include paid advertising in its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability. The formula is soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney Palmer established a predecessor to advertising agencies in Boston. [7] Around the same time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas extended the services of his news agency, Havas to include advertisement brokerage, making it the first French group to organize. At first, agencies were brokers for advertisement space in newspapers. N. W. Ayer Son was the first full-service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. N. W. Ayer opened in 1869, and was located in Philadelphia. A print advertisement for the 1913 issue of the Encyclopedia Britannica In the early 1920s the first radio stations were established by radio equipment manufacturers and retailers who offered programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. As time passed, many non-profit organizations followed suit in setting up their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups. [8] When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularized, each individual radio program was usually sponsored by a single business in exchange for a brief mention of the business name at the beginning and end of the sponsored shows. However, radio station owners soon realised they could earn more money by selling sponsorship rights in small time allocations to multiple businesses throughout their radio stations broadcasts, rather than selling the sponsorship rights to single businesses per show. This practice was carried over to television in the late 1940s and early 1950s. A fierce battle was fought between those seeking to commercialise the radio and people who argued that the radio spectrum should be considered a part of the commons – to be used only non-commercially and for the public good. The United Kingdom pursued a public funding model for the BBC, originally a private company but incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry were likewise able to persuade the federal government to adopt a public funding model. However, in the The 1960s saw advertising transform into a modern approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected messages that made advertisements more tempting to consumers eyes. The Volkswagen ad campaign—featuring such headlines as Think Small and Lemon (which were used to describe the appearance of the car)—ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a position or unique selling proposition designed to associate each brand with a specific idea in the reader or viewers mind. This period of American advertising is called the Creative Revolution and its poster boy was Bill Bernbach who helped create the revolutionary Volkswagen ads among others. Some of the most creative and long-standing American advertising dates to this incredibly creative period. Public advertising on Times Square, New York City. The late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. Pioneering the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the consumer tunes in for the advertising message, rather than it being a by-product or afterthought. As cable and satellite television became increasingly prevalent, specialty channels emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and Shop T. V. Marketing through the Internet opened new frontiers for advertisers and contributed to the dot-com boom of the 1990s. Entire corporations operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of websites including the search engine Google, started a change in online advertising by emphasizing contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help, rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive advertising. The share of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in media. For example, in the U. S. in 1925, the main advertising media were newspapers, magazines, signs on streetcars, and outdoor posters. Advertising spending as a share of GDP was about 2. 9 percent. By 1998, television and radio had become major advertising media. Nonetheless, advertising spending as a share of GDP was slightly lower—about 2. percent. [10] A recent advertising innovation is guerrilla promotions, which involve unusual approaches such as staged encounters in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages, and interactive advertising where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message. This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and embedded ads, such as via product placement, having consumers vote through text messages, and various innovations utilizing social networking sites. Circa 1950, television viewers were treated to commercial after commercial for the same product during their viewing time. Shows were sponsored by companies, giving us the Kraft hour, and soap operas named for sponsor Proctor and Gamble’s products. This was Lucille Ball’s inspiration for the classic spoof, Vitameatavegamin. The modern age hit full force, and Nielsen boxes all over the country allowed advertisers to target specific demographics. Soon, commercials for diapers and Depends flooded the airwaves, carefully orchestrated to the viewing audience. Product placement became hot, with Roseanne no longer drinking â€Å"Cola† but preferring â€Å"Pepsi†; Charlotte, Miranda and Carrie made â€Å"Jimmy Choos† a household word. Although it never really took off on broadcast shows, feature films soon were generating millions in extra revenue by having characters purchase specific brands. Films with titles like Harold and Kumar Go To Whitecastle were not far behind. Then, Tivo. Remember the phrase, â€Å"appointment TV†? Remember when George Clooney was on ER, and you made your book club move their meetings from Thursday night, because you were suddenly busy? That will never happen again. Now the audience can watch any show, any time. What’s corporate America to do, no longer able to hawk their wares to a captive audience? Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television ads, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches, human directional, magazines, newspapers, town criers, sides of buses or airplanes (logojets), in-flight advertisements on seatback tray tables or overhead storage bins, taxicab doors, roof mounts and passenger screens, usical stage shows, subway platforms and trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, stickers on apples in supermarkets, shopping cart handles, the opening section of streaming audio and video, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an identified sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is advertising. Covert advertising is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruises character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo. The TV commercial is generally considered the most effective mass-market advertising format, as is reflected by the high prices TV networks charge for commercial airtime during popular TV events. The annual Super Bowl football game in the United States is known as the most prominent advertising event on television. The average cost of a single thirty-second TV spot during this game has reached $2. 7 million (as of 2007). There are two types of infomercials, described as long form and short form. Long form infomercials have a time length of 30 minutes. Short form infomercials are 30 seconds to 2 minutes long. Infomercials are also known as direct response television (DRTV) commercials. The main objective in an infomercial is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer sees the presentation and then immediately buys the product through the advertised toll-free telephone number or website. Infomercials describe, display, and often demonstrate products and their features, and commonly have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals. Increasingly, other media are overtaking television because of a shift towards consumers usage of the internet as well as devices such as TiVo. Advertising on the World Wide Web is a recent phenomenon. Prices of Web-based advertising space are dependent on the relevance of the surrounding web content and the traffic that the website receives. E-mail advertising is another recent phenomenon. Unsolicited bulk E-mail advertising is known as spam. Some companies have proposed to place messages or corporate logos on the side of booster rockets and the International Space Station. Controversy exists on the effectiveness of subliminal advertising (see mind control), and the pervasiveness of mass messages. Unpaid advertising (also called word of mouth advertising), can provide good exposure at minimal cost. Personal recommendations (bring a friend, sell it), spreading buzz, or achieving the feat of equating a brand with a common noun (in the United States, Xerox = photocopier, Kleenex = tissue, Vaseline = petroleum jelly, Hoover = vacuum cleaner, and Band-Aid = adhesive bandage) — these are the pinnacles of any advertising campaign. However, some companies oppose the use of their brand name to label an object. Equating a brand with a common noun also risks turning that brand into a genericized trademark turning it into a generic term which means that its legal protection as a trademark is lost. As the mobile phone became a new mass media in 1998 when the first paid downloadable content appeared on mobile phones in Finland, it was only a matter of time until mobile advertising followed, also first launched in Finland in 2000. By 2007 the value of mobile advertising had reached 2. 2 billion dollars and providers such as Ad mob delivered billions of mobile ads. More advanced mobile ads include banner ads, coupons, MMS picture and video messages, adver games and various engagement marketing campaigns. A particular feature driving mobile ads is the 2D Barcode, which replaces the need to do any typing of web addresses, and uses the camera feature of modern phones to gain immediate access to web content. 83 percent of Japanese mobile phone users already are active users of 2D barcodes. A new form of advertising that is growing rapidly is Social network advertising. It is Online Advertising with a focus on social networking sites. This is a relatively immature market, but it has shown a lot of promise as advertisers are able to take advantage of the demographic information the user has provided to the social networking site. The impact of advertising has been a matter of considerable debate and many different claims have been made in different contexts. During debates about the banning of cigarette advertising, a common claim from cigarette manufacturers was that cigarette advertising does not encourage people to smoke who would not otherwise. The (eventually successful) opponents of advertising, on the other hand, claim that advertising does in fact increase consumption. According to many sources, the past experience and state of mind of the person subjected to advertising may determine the impact that advertising has. Children under the age of four may be unable to distinguish advertising from other television programs, while the ability to determine the truthfulness of the message may not be developed until the age of 8. Over the past fifteen years a whole science of marketing analytics and marketing effectiveness has been developed to determine the impact of marketing actions on consumers, sales, profit and market share. Marketing Mix Modeling, direct response measurement and other techniques are included in this science. As advertising and marketing efforts become increasingly ubiquitous in modern Western societies, the industry has come under criticism of groups such as Adbusters via culture jamming which criticizes the media and consumerism using advertisings own techniques. The industry is accused of being one of the engines powering a convoluted economic mass production system which promotes consumption. Recognizing the social impact of advertising, Mediawatch-uk, a British special interest group, works to educate consumers about how they can register their concerns with advertisers and regulators. It has developed educational materials for use in schools. Public interest groups are increasingly suggesting that access to the mental space targeted by advertisers should be taxed[citation needed], in that at the present moment that space is being freely taken advantage of by advertisers with no compensation paid to the members of the public who are thus being intruded upon. This kind of tax would be a Pigovian tax in that it would act to reduce what is now increasingly seen as a public nuisance. Efforts to that end are gathering more momentum, with Arkansas and Maine considering bills to implement such a taxation. Florida enacted such a tax in 1987 but was forced to repeal it after six months, as a result of a concerted effort by national commercial interests, which withdrew planned conventions, causing major losses to the tourism industry, and canceled advertising, causing a loss of 12 million dollars to the broadcast industry alone. Advertising has gone through five major stages of development: domestic, export, international, multi-national, and global. For global advertisers, there are four, potentially competing, business objectives that must be balanced when developing worldwide advertising: building a brand while speaking with one voice, developing economies of scale in the creative process, maximising local effectiveness of ads, and increasing the company’s speed of implementation. Born from the evolutionary stages of global marketing are the three primary and fundamentally different approaches to the development of global advertising executions: exporting executions, producing local executions, and importing ideas that travel. Global marketing Management, 2004, pg 13-18) Advertising research is key to determining the success of an ad in any country or region. The ability to identify which elements and/or moments of an ad that contributes to its success is how economies of scale are maximised. Once one knows what works in an ad, that idea or ideas can be imported by any other market. Market research measures, such as Flow of Attention, Flow of Emotion and branding moments provide insight into what is working in an ad in any country or region because the measures are based on the visual, not verbal, elements of the ad. Young, p. 131) Hawk them to the audience when they are captive, of course. Make the advertisement an integral part of an important character’s dialogue, a feature of the plot, and they’re home free. A visit to GE’s Trivection website even includes a link to the network show. It might work for a show like â€Å"30 Rock†, which doesn’t take itself too seriously and where parody is expected. Would it work for Aaron Sorkin’s take on the same premise, â€Å"Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip†? Probably not, but then again satire, comedy, and spoof are not words describe that show. Could this be the future of TV advertising? Will Evian become the bottled water of choice for Jack, Kate, and Sawyer? Perhaps NBC could provide tie-ins to boost other, less popular shows, giving us â€Å"Maury Povich† as the exclusive provider of paternity tests for the â€Å"Law Order† franchise. That frightening thought remains open for debate. Within minutes of the broadcast, backlash hit the Internet, with outraged viewers calling GE on the carpet for their perceived transgression. Days later, it’s still news on big entertainment blogs such as Defamer. com, and the debate continues to rage on message boards. Only time will tell if this bold strategy will work or backfire, but if you use the Trivection oven, time’s all we’ve got. What is Advertising: Advertising is the non personal communication of information usually paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by identified sponsors through the various media. (Bovee, 1992, p. 7) So much for academic doubletalk. Now lets take this statement apart and see what it means. First, advertising has, comparatively speaking, all the time in the world. Unlike personal selling, the sales message and its presentation does not have to be created n the spot with the customer watching. It can be created in as many ways as the writer can conceive, be rewritten, tested, modified, injected with every trick and appeal known to affect consumers. (Some of the latter is the content of this book. ) Second, although advertisers may not see the individual customer, nor be able to modify the sales message according to that individuals reactions at the time, it does have research about customers. The research can identify potential customers, find what message elements might influence them, and figure out how best to get that message to them. Although the research is meaningless when applied to any particular individual, it is effective when applied to large groups of customers. Third, and perhaps of most importance, advertising can be far cheaper per potential customer than personal selling. Personal selling is extremely labor-intensive, dealing with one customer at a time. Advertising deals with hundreds, thousands, or millions of customers at a time, reducing the cost per customer to mere pennies. In fact, advertising costs are determined in part using a formula to determine, not cost per potential customer, but cost per thousand potential customers. Thus, it appears that advertising is a good idea as a sales tool. For small ticket items, such as chewing gum and guitar picks, advertising is cost effective to do the entire selling job. For large ticket items, such as cars and computers, advertising can do a large part of the selling job, and personal selling is used to complete and close the sale. Advertising is non personal, but effective. Advertising blamed for food problems It is very important to protect our children from unhealthy food says the Consumer Council of Fiji. CCF chief executive officer Premila Kumar said past surveys had shown advertising and marketing of food and drink to children was dominated by unhealthy products. Manufacturers, suppliers and retailers of these foods are increasingly using integrated and sophisticated advertising and marketing strategies to promote their products directly and indirectly to children. Familiar examples are of such marketing including the use of collectable toys, games and contests, advertising and packaging cartoon characters, food shaped and coloured to be especially appealing to children and the use of catchy jingles, she said. CCF said unhealthy foods contained high levels of fat, sugar and salt and have a direct effect on the health of children. Children in Fiji have also been cited with related diseases of increasing obesity and type two diabetes, like other children in other parts of the world. These non-communicable diseases impose substantial economic costs on everyone. The Council is also concerned on the quality of food sold in school canteens despite the provision of a School Canteen Guideline put in place by the Ministry of Health. Ms Kumar said the council was also concerned of the absence of a guideline or standard on advertising of unhealthy food to children. Interim minister for Education, Filipe Bole said healthy fruits like snacks were scarce in the market and canteens could only buy them if they were available in the market. He called on people operating school canteens not to give junk foods to the students and stick to the Food Guideline given by the ministry of Health. World Consumer Day is celebrated on March 15 every year. This years theme is Junk Food Generation-Advertising and Marketing of Unhealthy Food to Children in Fiji. Television (TV) has its good side. It can be entertaining and educational, and can open up new worlds for kids, giving them a chance to travel the globe, learn about different cultures, and gain exposure to ideas they may never encounter in their own community. Programs with positive role models can influence people to change their behavior for the better. However, the reverse can also be true: Kids are likely to learn things from TV that parents dont want them to learn. TV can affect kids health and family life. Its worthwhile for parents to think about what role they want TV to play in their family. Consider: A great deal is known about children and television, because there have been thousands of studies on the subject. Researchers have studied how TV affects kids sleep, weight, grades, behavior, and more. its worth looking at what the research says when deciding how to manage television in your family. Spending time watching TV can take time away from healthy activities like active play outside with friends, eating dinner together as a family, or reading. TV time also takes away from participating in sports, music, art or other activities that require practice to become skillful. TV viewing starts earlier than other forms of media—often beginning before age two. In recent years, TV, video and DVD programs geared to babies and toddlers have come on the market—and now even a cable channel for babies. We dont know yet what effect TV-viewing by babies may have on their development. We do know that time spent watching TV replaces time spent interacting with caregivers and other children. Social interaction is critical to a babys healthy development. How big a presence is TV in kids lives? On average, kids spend nearly 4 hours a day watching television, DVDs and videos. 68% of 8- to 18-year-olds have a TV in their bedroom; 54% have a DVD/VCR player, 37% have cable/satellite TV, and 20% have premium channels. In 63% of households, the TV is usually on during meals. In 53% of households of 7th- to 12th-graders, there are no rules about TV watching. In 51% of households, the TV is on most of the time. Kids with a TV in their bedroom spend an average of almost 1. 5 hours more per day watching TV than kids without a TV in the bedroom. Many parents encourage tots to watch TV. Find out more about TV in the lives of children ages zero to six. As you can see, if your child is typical, TV is playing a very big role in their life. Here are some key research findings to keep in mind as you decide what kind of role you want TV to play in your family: TV viewing is probably replacing activities in your child s life that you would rather have them do (things like playing with friends [6] , being physically active, getting fresh air, reading, playing imaginatively, doing homework [7] , doing chores). Kids who spend more time watching TV (both with and without parent and siblings present) spend less time interacting with family members. [8] Excessive TV viewing can contribute to poor grades, sleep problems, behavior problems, obesity, and risky behavior. Most children s programming does not teach what parents say they want their children to learn; many shows are filled with stereotypes, violent solutions to problems, and mean behavior. Advertisers target kids, and on average, children see tens of thousands of TV commercials each year [9]. This includes many ads for unhealthy snack foods and drinks. Children and youth see, on average, about 2,000 beer and wine ads on TV each year [10]. Kids see favorite characters smoking, drinking, and involved in sexual situations and other risky behaviors in the shows and movies they watch on TV. More on how television viewing affects children. For more detailed information on these issues, read on. Does TV affect childrens brain development? With television programs—and even a cable channel—designed and marketed specifically for babies, whether kids under two years of age should be watching becomes an important question. While we are learning more all the time about early brain development, we do not have a clear idea how television may affect it. Some studies link early TV viewing with later attention problems, such as ADHD. However, other experts disagree with these results. One study found that TV viewing before age three slightly hurt several measures of later cognitive development, but that between ages three and five it slightly helped reading scores. The American Academy of Pediatrics takes a better-safe-than-sorry stance on TV for young children: Children of all ages are constantly learning new things. The first 2 years of life are especially important in the growth and development of your childs brain. During this time, children need good, positive interaction with other children and adults. Too much television can negatively affect early brain development. This is especially true at younger ages, when learning to talk and play with others is so important. Until more research is done about the effects of TV on very young children, the AmericanAcademy of Pediatrics (AAP) does not recommend television for children age 2 or younger. In addition, TV can discourage and replace reading. Reading requires much more thinking than television, and we know that reading fosters young peoples healthy brain development. Kids growing up in families in which the TV is on always or most of the time spend less time reading and being read to, and are less likely to be able to read. Much has been claimed about the contributions of advertising on the success of a company or a product while it is true that the impact of advertising is evident in our socio-economic system. Advertising is an aid to manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers in the process of marketing commodities to a greater number of customers. It touches and influences the live of practically every man, woman and child. Advertising is a powerful communication force and an important marketing tool to help sell goods mainly OTC drugs which is being emphasize here and even services and ideas through channels of information and persuasion. ( Kleppner, Otto. Advertising, 7th Ed. New York: Prentice-Hall, Inc. , Englewood, 1990) Over-the-counter drugs are simply drugs that can be purchased without a doctors prescription. Many of these drugs are sold not only by drugstores but also by many wholesalers and retail establishments including supermarkets and sari-sari stores. The rationale for classifying certain drugs as OTC drugs is to make treatment of many common and simple diseases and symptoms more affordable and accessible. Direct-to-consumer (DTC) advertising of OTC drugs in its varied forms—TV, radio, magazines, newspaper is widely used throughout the Philippines. Direct-to-consumer advertising is a category of promotional information about specific drug treatments provided directly to consumers by or on behalf of drug companies. On the other hand, ads that are false or misleading do not advance and may even threaten the public health. It is important that a DTC advertisement contains accurate information and making sure that consumers are not misled or deceived by advertisements that violate the law. Work Cited http://www. wsu. edu/~taflinge/addefine. html, A Definition of Advertising by Richard F. Taflinger http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Advertising http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Tv-Its-Effects-Teens/152185 http://www. oppapers. com/essays/Impact-Advertisements-Consumer- Buying/94059

Hijackers of September 11th essays

Hijackers of September 11th essays The two articles in which I read were Hijackers final days: From poetry to the prosaic, and Imam said to blame Jews for attack. These two articles were very interesting, informative and also very educational. Hijackers final days: From poetry to the prosaic explained in a better perspective and also explained in a more simplified manner of what the hijackers done the last few days that they lived, and why they done it. This article also let it be known what kind of people the hijackers exactly were. On September 11 a poem was left behind by hijacker Waleed Alshehri, it spoke of traveling into the face of death with our heads held high. This was in the poem that he left, it just let everyone know that they were well aware of the horrendous act they were about to commit. Authorities believe that that Alshehri was aboard American Airlines Flight 11 and assisted to crash it into the World Trade Center. Imam said to blame Jews for attack was an article in which a man named Imam Omar Abu Nemous said that the Jews could be blamed for the WTC attacks. Nemous was the leader of NYCs largest mosque, he was Imam Gemeahas top aide. Gemeaha moved to Egypt because he said that his family had been threatened. So therefore Nemous was appointed as head leader. Nemous stated that Jews planned the attacks, but nobody would acknowledge that because Jews dominate the political government. Nemous also mentioned that the statements that he made had been changed and exaggerated into things that he had not said. Therefore because of this he now refuses to talk to or discuss anything with the press. This whole article is about Numous blaming the Jews for the WTC attack because he doesnt want to accept and acknowledge the fact that it was his people who did this. Whenever it comes to such controversial issues such as this opinions vary greatly. My opinion on these two specific articles may be rude, cr...

Do Colleges Use PSAT Scores?

Most generally, the PSAT/NMSQT (literally Preliminary Scholastic Aptitude Test / National Merit Scholarship Qualifying Test) serves as practice for the SAT. This test is usually taken in the first semester of 11th grade, while the newer versions, which include PSAT 10 and PSAT 8/9 , are taken in 10th and 8th or 9th grades respectively. Since you probably won’t be taking the SAT before your junior year, the latter tests serve as measures for what you’re learning and indicate whether you’re on track for college. Colleges usually don’t see your PSAT scores. In most cases, just you and your high school are able to see the report. These reports offer details on your performance in different areas and can help you determine which areas you need to improve and hone your practicing. Your PSAT/NMSQT scores may enter you in the National Merit Scholarship Program if you take the test as an 11th grader. Your scores may also be used as qualifiers for other scholarships. So while college probably won’t see your PSAT scores, that doesn’t mean they don’t matter. The earlier you take the PSAT, the more likely your score will change when you take the SAT. That’s one reason why it’s not the most solid indicator of your SAT performance, though it can show you where you should focus your practice efforts. When you receive your report, you’ll see college readiness benchmarks that indicate how prepared you are for a college curriculum. Still, remember that you have more than a year and a half of high school education, so there’s plenty of time to improve. Check out Are PSAT Scores Related to SAT Scores? for more information on how your results on the tests correlate. You raw scores, or total number questions you answered correctly, are converted to a score on a scale of 160–760 for each section, for a total of 320–1520. The tests themselves mirror the SAT and include Reading, Writing and Language, and Math. You will also see subscores for specific skill sets and percentiles that indicate how you did relative to others taking the same test. For instance, if you scored in the 80th percentile, you scored better than 80 percent of test takers. Whatever your personal goals and objectives are for the PSAT, you should definitely aim to exceed the College Readiness Benchmarks. The good news is that if you don’t, you have time to improve for the SAT. Each skill will be color-coded according to when you’ve reached the benchmark. Green means you’ve met or exceed it in that area, yellow means you’re approaching the benchmark, and red means you need to strengthen your skills in the area. With our free SAT guide, you'll get ’s top tips for mastering the SAT. Enter your name and email below to download the checklist. As we’ve discussed, colleges don’t typically pay attention to PSAT results. In most cases, they won’t even see your results. However, you shouldn’t blow off the test. It can help you a lot in preparing for the SAT and understanding your college readiness and where you need to improve. If you take the PSAT seriously and prepare for it as though you were taking the SAT, you may have a less stressful admissions and financial aid process. Doing well can also boost your confidence, since scoring well can alleviate fears that you might not do well on the SAT, and the practice can help you cope with test anxiety before the tests colleges will see. Think of it as a rehearsal for the real test. Your PSAT scores can also help you win scholarships. The National Merit Scholarship Corporation cosponsors the test and will automatically receive your results. (Check out How to Qualify for the National Merit Scholarship Program for information on the award.) Some other scholarship committees, including National Hispanic Recognition Program, the National Scholarship Service, and Telluride Seminar Scholarships, use these results, too, although you may elect to not have them sent. Ultimately, you shouldn’t underestimate the importance of the PSAT. It can help you a lot with practicing, studying, preparation and, ultimately, getting into college. Looking for some help with acing the SAT? The SAT Tutoring Program will help you achieve top scores on your test. We’ll pair you with two private tutors, one for English and writing, and one for math and science. All of our tutors have scored in the 99th percentile on the section they are teaching and are chosen based on teaching skills and ability to relate to their students.

Mission and Values of Loyola Marymount University Essay

Mission and Values of Loyola Marymount University - Essay Example If my friends are going bungee jumping or parasailing I usually will find that I have something pressing that needs to be attended to immediately, such as tidying my sock drawer. The issue is not if I ever take risks; I do. The real issue for me is deciding if the risk warrants the reward. Fr. Robert Lawton’s words have helped me to see that taking risks in order to discover who I really am during my college career are risks that will pay great rewards. Who doesn’t want to have happiness and a feeling that God approves of who we are and what we are doing? Ultimately, if I accomplish this level of happiness and closeness with God, I will feel as though I have lived a life of real substance and value. Fr. Robert Lawton said that this journey would be risky, and I believe him. In my mind, I see three potential risks that will need to be faced when journeying to discover how to be myself. I believe that if these three risks can be overcome, I will have accomplished somethin g great during my college education in addition to all of the knowledge I will gain. The first of these three risks is the risk that I will discover I am a very different person than I am now. We all have preconceived notions about our state of being. I have a whole list of likes and dislikes. One of my great failings is that I tend to be judgmental about those who have different tastes and values than myself. I catch myself forming opinions about others based on wholly superficial criteria more often than I care to admit. A nice pair of shoes, the type of car and the city or neighborhood a person lives in too often informs my opinion. The risk of journeying to discover my true self and being judgmental of others scares me because I may discover the things I have used to differentiate myself from others really do not matter to me anymore. I guess what I’m trying to say is, I like who I am right now. I recognize that I have much to learn but I am comfortable with me. The risk for me centers on discovering I’m not who I thought I was and that I might mourn the loss of my old self. I have no desire to look back on my high school self and be glad that I am no longer that person. I would like to think I have arrived at most of my authentic self at this point in my life, but I have the suspicion that everyone looks back on their high school self and has regrets. The risk of becoming your true self is you must necessarily reject portions of the person that you are today. To me, that sounds very uncomfortable. A second risk that needs to be overcome on the road to becoming my authentic self is the risk of defying expectations. I have a way I would like to see my life turn out. So do my family and friends. The risk of opening myself up to change is apparent when I realize that the change may disappoint some of the people I love. I will be exposed to new people and ideas at college. What if I find myself changing course and it is a course I’m not su re my loved ones will accept? I feel that taking this risk to find my true self will be perhaps the hardest. My family has always been loving and supportive. I would never want to disappoint them in any way. But according to the words of Fr. Robert Lawton, I may need to take that risk or I may be sacrificing my own happiness and relationship with God. A final risk I anticipate in this journey is never knowing when you have arrived at the journey’s end. How will I now when I have arrived? I know too many people from my parent’s and grandparent’s generation that seem to think their happiness lies in their new yoga class or the next protest movement they can join. They seem to be constantly seeking but never finding what they are looking for. I think they are looking for a sense of self. The risk for me looking to identify my true

Christianity and the Secular Point of View of Gun Violence Essay

Christianity and the Secular Point of View of Gun Violence - Essay Example A political debate has also been sparked by these mass shootings over gun violence and gun control. In this perspective, the church has adopted a secular view with regard to these shootings. Drawing on the variety of literature, the paper will discuss Christianity and the secular point of view of gun violence/school shootings. Discussion The American Secret Service defines school shootings as the deliberate selection of a school as the location of the attack. The number of mass shootings and gun violence in the U.S is as rampant as the number of people living in America. According to figures from the US Department of Justice and Council on Foreign Affairs, there have been 60,000 people affected by gun violence and mass shootings in 2015 alone. As a result of the magnitude and effects of gun violence and mass shootings, the Church has adopted a secular view to the issue. Conversations about mass shootings often devolve around emotions. In the recent times, the Christians are agitating for their right to bear and own firearms. There is still debate on the effectiveness of guns used in personal defense. A survey carried out by the U.S Department of Justice placed the rate of using guns for personal defense at 1.6 million. However, this is twice the crime rates. The Christians share the view that the Bible was authored long before the gun was invented. It, however, mentions the use weapons in battles and wars. War is portrayed as something that is part of a fallen world (Mark 13:7; James 4:1).

Read me if you can :: essays research papers

Read Me†¦If You Can†¦   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout my life there has been one thing that I have taken for granted everyday. Even now I am taking it for granted. We all are. This thing is not something you can touch or see. It is an ability that sixteen percent of people in the world live without. That is an estimated 1 040 883 228 people as of March 14, 2005. Can you guess what this ability that the other eighty four percent of the people take for granted? Literacy. It has been a problem for society since the starting of languages. Illiteracy, which is defined by the inability to read or write a simple sentence in any language, will continue to haunt the world for many years to come. There are many reasons why there are a billion people in the world not able to read. But I think that the real question is are not the literates taking advantage of the talent. Are they lazy or just don’t care? My most cherished ability is being able to read. I cannot imagine my life not being able to read. So what’s stopping people from reading?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Books have been a major way to express ideas, ways of doing thing and beliefs in the modern world. People have been reading, gaining information, and ideas from books since the Diamond Sutra, which was first published in 868 AD, to the world-renowned book the Da Vinci Code by Dan Brown. Now image that you cannot read these magnificent pieces of work; would you feel left out? Imagine you forgot all the information you ever learned in a book. How much would you know? Imagine how much more you could learn by reading a book once a month? Taking these examples into account do you think that it is fair to leave over a billion people in the world in the dark when it comes to history of countries, inventions and the rest of the information that can be found in books? How would you feel if you were being the one deprived of the world’s accomplishments? All the information in the world is stored in books and other types of literature and the people who do have the pr ivileged of reading don’t even take advantage of this. The literate hold the world’s information, not the illiterate, so do not let this talent go to waste.

How GMOs Created?

How GMOs created?A genetically changed organism may be associate animal, plant, or micro-organism (e.g. bacteria) whose sequencetic makeup is altered through gene splice, genetic modification, or transgenic technology. This manipulation of genes and DNA has the potential to make combos of animal, bacterial, plant, and infective agent genes that either don't or wouldn't naturally manifest in nature through ancient crossbreeding strategies. It's the unstable qualities created by these scientific manipulations, and a scarcity of long study and analysis on the impact such manipulations will produce, that has several scientists and members of the overall public involved.How genetically changed foods created?When genetically modifying plants that square measure used for food, scientists take away specific genes from the DNA of another organism, like associate animal, bacterium, plant, or virus and so add those genes into the DNA of the plant they require to change. This method is usually mentioned as sequence splice. By adding completely different genes, scientists hope the plant can inherit the characteristics contained inside the spliced section of DNA.ZUCCHINIWhat Is Zucchini? Also known as courgette, zucchini has its origin in America and is obtainable in yellow, lightweight inexperienced, and inexperienced color. the form of this tiny summer squash resembles that of a ridged cucumber and options various seeds. Some cultivators conjointly manufacture zucchini in rounded or bottle shapes. Today, the most important producers of this squash embody Japan, China, Romania, Italy, Turkey, Egypt, and Argentina. it's adult year-around and may be eaten raw, sliced or in lyonnaise kind. It may be cut in an exceedingly cold dish and is additionally lyonnaise in hot salads. Even though zucchini could be a fruit, it's sometimes lyonnaise as a vegetablebecause it's best once eaten in lyonnaise dishes. it's picked once it's below 8in/20cm long and also the seeds square measure soft and young. a totally developed zucchini is sometimes 3 feet long and contains an excessive amount of fiber and isn't smart to eat. Young zucchini incorporates a delicate style, soft covering, and buttery white flesh. it's obtainable in its best kind throughout might and July. the majority the elements of this squash square measure edible, together with the flesh, seeds, and even the skin.Varieties of zucchini: Some widespread varieties are:Golden zucchini options brght golden-yellow skin that retains its color even once preparation.Round sorts square measure dense, heavy, and nearly seeded with a swish surface.Tatume, that is common in Mexico, has similar options of spherical selection however has the big oval form.Costata Romanesco conjointly called Cocozelle could be a long, slender sort with a small bulge at very cheap finish. It options pale, raised ribs with dappled inexperienced skin. once sturdy and young, this squash is juicy and sweet.Middle-Eastern sorts square measure fat, lightweight inexperienced, tapering ends with a thick greenish stem. they need swish, shiny skin and firm, crisp and flavourous fl esh.Yellow Crooknecks have thick unsmooth skin with a markedly falcate neck. they're fresh in texture with sweet, delicate flavor.Health Edges Of Zucchini: Health edges of zucchini embody the following;Weight Loss: You might be shocked to grasp that overwhelming zucchini can assist you melt off significantly. it's very low in calories, however it provides you the sensation of being full. Therefore, it's a good thanks to satisfy your appetency while not grabbing calories or beginning a crash diet set up. with the exception of the low-calorie count, it's high water content and is made in fiber. Hence, once you eat it, your abdomen isn't empty, thereby creating zucchini recipes excellent if you're on a diet.Maintains Best Health: Already being an impressive supply of metal and ascorbic acid, zucchini is additionally the most effective supply of dietary fiber that may keep your body within the best form for the end of the day. It conjointly contains axerophthol, magnesium, folate, potassium, copper, and phosphorus. This summer squash conjointly incorporates a high content of omega-3 fatty acid fatty acids, zinc, niacin, and macromolecule. Moreover, vitamin B1, vitamin B6, vitamin B2, and atomic number 20 in zucchini assure best health. it's most likely the most effective squash having associate array of nutrients, together with sugar, carbohydrates, soluble and insoluble fiber, sodium, minerals, amino acids, and more. The B-complex vitamin ingredient of this squash is very suggested for pregnant girls additionally.Promotes Men's Health: Many researchers have taken extracts from this squash to conduct sure studies associated over that this fruit has sure properties that effectively treat an ill in men known as benign prostatic hyperplasia or Benign endocrine Hypertrophy. Benign prostatic hyperplasia could be a condition wherever the ductless gland becomes enlarged in associate odd form and size, that then will cause hassle with each sexual and urinary operate. an honest treatment of this is often seen together with different foods that contain phytonutrients; zucchini is claimed to be very helpful in decreasing benign prostatic hyperplasia symptoms.Prevents Diseases: Your overall health can for certain improve if you consume zucchini frequently. It helps forestall all types of diseases in an exceedingly general sense. Studies have already declared that fiber-rich foods facilitate alleviate cancer conditions by laundry away cancer-causing toxins from cells within the colon. The ascorbic acid, folate, and carotenoid in zucchini facilitate to safeguard these cells from the harmful chemicals that may result in carcinoma. carotenoid and ascorbic acid even have medicine properties, thereby naturally solidification ailments like arthritis, asthma, and arthritis, wherever swelling is vastly painful. The copper proportion in it conjointly helps in reducing the symptoms of arthritis.Protects vascular system: It is made in organic process worth, particularly throughout the summer, once it delivers unnumbered benefits to the body. The food ranking systems in zucchini-rich countries have declared that this squash has extensive levels of metal and ascorbic acid that facilitate to stay the center robust. During the analysis, most of those nutrients were found effective within the bar of diabetic cardiovascular disease and induration of the arteries. The metallic element content notably reduces the danger of heart attacks and strokes. together with K, metallic element conjointly helps in reducing high force per unit area. The ascorbic acid and carotenoid found in summer squash facilitate in preventing the oxidization of cholesterin. change cholesterin builds au courant vas walls, however these nutrients cut back the event of induration of the arteries. The nourishment B-complex vitamin is needed by the body to eliminate associate unsafe metabolic byproduct known as homocysteine, which may lead to attack and stroke if the degree rise too high. Its fiber content lowers high cholesterin levels additionally, thereby serving to to scale back the danger of induration of the arteries and heart diseases thanks to polygenic disease.Immunity: Our body USually|is often} actively engaged within the defense against several microorganisms that may hurt us. At times, this process gets weak, and would possibly want reinforcements. feeding foods made in antioxidants like ascorbic acid will strengthen our system, and obtain it up and dealing like ne'er before. Zucchini is one food that may give you with vital doses of this nourishment.Vitamin C acts to spice up immunity by stimulating the assembly of white blood cells. These cells square measure concerned in protective our system against invasive harmful microorganisms like viruses and microorganism. ascorbic acid conjointly helps fight the activities of free radicals, whose interaction with different body cells might lead to neoplasm growth.Zucchini's Benefits:Zucchini belongs to the Cucurbita pepo species that was the topic of associate India-based study. because it seems, this species of summer squash protects against the event of lesion of the abdomen and also the small intestine, that is that the section of the little viscus that connects it to the abdomen. within the study, same ulcers were elicited in laboratory rats by giving them Empirin. once fourteen days of administering the extract of ripe Cucurbita pepo, membrane thickening of the abdomen and duodemun was determined, confirmi ng the gastroduodenum-protective and overall anti-ulcerogenic mechanism of Cucurbita pepo.Squash has conjointly been found to contain measurable amounts of cellulose, a sort of sugar that shows potential for dietary medical aid for polygenic disease. The dicot genus species of squash, of that zucchini belongs to, has been studied in Slovak Republic, and it's been found that the cellulose during this species of squash has medicinal drug effects. within the study, coughing was elicited in guinea pigs by administering acid. Afterwards, cellulose polysaccharides got orally to the themes and their coughing reflex remittent. The results were then compared to the medicinal drug effects of pain pill, a sort of narcotic, and cellulose polysaccharides had comparable, and in some cases even higher cough-suppressing activity than pain pill.Phytonutrients square measure extensive in zucchini additionally and continuing analysis has brought forth discovery of assorted phytochemicals gift in Cucur bita pepo. These compounds have shown multi-targeted bar of cancer by scavenging and killing free radicals and preventing chronic inflammation additionally.Zucchini's Risks:Zucchini has oxalates, compounds that naturally occur in our body and that tend to crystallize once in excess amounts. people with impaired urinary organ and vesica functions should initial visit their doctors before incorporating zucchini in their diet to avoid exasperating their several medical conditions.Zucchini is one in all the fifty fruits and vegetables with dreadful levels of insecticide residue additionally, this per the Environmental social unit. Minimizing exposure to petrochemicals is crucial as it's been shown to create birth defects and varied sicknesses like cancer.Cultivation:Sow seeds in pots†¢Seed may be seeded in pots from March to the top of might. Fill a 7.5cm (3in) pot with compost and firm gently.Sow a seed vertically two.5cm (1in) deep and canopy. Label, water and place in an exceedi ngly propagator or on a sill.When roots begin to point out through very cheap of the pot, place into a twelve.5cm (5in) instrumentality. Plant out into growing baggage, soil or an outsized pot in late spring or early summer.Sow seeds in soilSeed may be seeded directly into the soil from late-May to early summer.Choose a sunny, secure spot and improve the soil by dig in some well-rotted manure or compost.Sow 2 seeds on their aspect two.5cm (1in) deep and once the seedlings have germinated, remove the weakest one.AftercarePlenty of water is important, particularly once the plants square measure in flower and so once the fruits have began to swell. Mulch to lock in wet.If you dig in lots of manure before planting, further feeding is senseless on significant, fertile soil.On sandy or lightweight soil, regular drenches with a liquid feed can facilitate boost production.Harvesting and storageTo keep plants productive you would like to reap courgettes regarding thrice every week at the pea k of the season.The correct size to choose depends on selection, however as a rule, harvest courgettes once they are 10cm (4in).Use a pointy knife to sever the fruit from the plant. Courgettes square measure best eaten recent or may be keep for a number of days within the refrigerator.Squashes square measure a lot of variable in form and size, thus browse the seed packet for gathering and storage info.Marrows square measure typically thought of to be courgettes adult giant, and need constant growing conditions.When growing marrows, harvest frequently once they are 20cm (8in) long, or leave them to mature for winter use.Marrows may be keep for a protracted amount of your time if unbroken at a temperature between seven.5C to 10C (45F to 50F).

Pyramids - Enormous Ancient Symbols of Power

A pyramid is a type of huge ancient building  that is a member of the class of structures known as public or monumental architecture. The archetypal pyramid like those at Giza in Egypt is a mass of stone or earth with a rectangular base and four steeply sloping sides that meet in a point at the top. But pyramids come in many different forms—some are round or oval or rectangular at the base, and they can be smooth-sided, or stepped, or truncated with a flat platform topped by a temple. Pyramids, more or less, are not buildings that people walk into, but rather huge monolithic structures meant to make people awestruck. Did You Know? The oldest pyramid is Djosers Step Pyramid in Egypt, built about 2600 BCEThe largest pyramid is Cholula in Puebla, Mexico, covering an area about four times as large as the Giza pyramids in Egypt Who Built the Pyramids? Pyramids are found in several cultures around the world. The most famous are those in Egypt, where the tradition of the construction of masonry pyramids as tombs began in the Old Kingdom (2686–2160 BCE). In the Americas, monumental earthen structures called pyramids by archaeologists were constructed as early as the Caral-Supe society (2600–2000 BCE) in Peru, similar in age to those of the ancient Egyptian, but, of course, totally separate cultural innovations. The Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site preserves the burial mounds of an Indian civilization which inhabited the area from 900 to 1500 AD. | Location: Collinsville, Illinois, USA. Michael S. Lewis / Getty Images Later American societies who built pointy- or platform-topped, slope-sided stone or earthen pyramids include the Olmec, Moche, and Maya; theres also an argument to be made that the earthen Mississippian mounds such as Cahokia of southeastern North America should be classed as pyramids. Etymology While scholars are not in total agreement, the word pyramid is apparently from the Latin pyramis, a word which refers specifically to the Egyptian pyramids. Pyramis (which is apparently unrelated to the old Mesopotamian tragic myth of Pyramus and Thisbe) in turn is derived from the original Greek word puramid. Interestingly, puramid means cake made out of roasted wheat. One theory for why the Greeks used the word puramid to refer to the Egyptian pyramids is that they were making a joke, that the cake had a pyramid shape and calling the Egyptian structures pyramids was slighting the Egyptian technological capabilities. Another possibility is that the shape of the cakes was (more or less) a marketing device, the cakes made to look like the pyramids. Another possibility is that pyramid is an alteration of the original Egyptian hieroglyph for pyramid—MR, sometimes written as mer, mir, or pimar. See the discussions in Swartzman, Romer, and Harper, among lots of others. In any case, the word pyramid was at some point also assigned to the pyramid geometric shape (or possibly vice versa), which is basically a polyhedron made up of connected polygons, such that the sloping sides of a pyramid are triangles. Why Build a Pyramid? Close Up View of Casing Stones of the Bent Pyramid. MedioImages / Photodisc / Getty Images While we dont have any way of knowing for sure why the pyramids were built, we have lots of educated guesses. The most basic is as a form of propaganda. Pyramids can be seen as a visual expression of the political power of a ruler, one who at a minimum had the ability to arrange to have an extremely skilled architect plan such a massive monument  and to have laborers mine the stone and construct it to specifications. Pyramids are often explicit references to mountains, the elite person reconstructing and reconfiguring the natural landscape in a way that no other monumental architecture really can. Pyramids may have been built to impress the citizenry  or the political enemies inside or outside the society. They may even have fulfilled a role empowering non-elites, who may have seen the structures as proof that their leaders were able to protect them. Pyramids as burial places—not all pyramids had burials—may also have been commemorative constructions that brought continuity to a society in the form of ancestor worship: the king is always with us. Pyramids may also have been the stage on which social drama could occur. As the visual focus of large numbers of people, pyramids may have been designed to define, separate, include, or exclude segments of the society. What are Pyramids? Like other forms of monumental architecture, pyramid construction holds clues to what the purpose might be. Pyramids are of a size and quality of construction that greatly exceeds what is required by practical needs--after all, who needs a pyramid? Societies which build pyramids invariably are those based on ranked classes, orders or estates; the pyramids are often not built just on a lavish scale, they are carefully planned to suit a particular astronomical orientation and geometrical perfection. They are symbols of permanence in a world where lives are short; they are a visual symbol of power in a world where power is transitory. Egyptian Pyramids Step Pyramid of Djoser and Associated Shrines. Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images The best-known pyramids in the world are those of the Old Kingdom in Egypt. The precursors of the pyramids were called mastaba, rectangular mudbrick burial structures built as tombs for the rulers of the predynastic period. Eventually, those rulers wanted larger and larger burial facilities, and the oldest pyramid in Egypt was the Step Pyramid of Djoser, built about 2700 BCE. Most of the Giza pyramids are pyramid-shaped, four flat smooth sides rising to a point.   The largest of the pyramids is the Great Pyramid of Giza, built for the 4th dynasty Old Kingdom Pharaoh Khufu (Greek Cheops), in the 26th century BCE. It is massive, covers an area of 13 acres, made from 2,300,000 limestone blocks each weighing an average of 2.5 tons, and rising to a height of 481 feet.   Great Pyramid at Giza (Old Kingdom Egypt)Step Pyramid of Djoser (Old Kingdom Egypt)Menkaures Pyramid (Old Kingdom Egypt)Khafres Pyramid (Old Kingdom Egypt)Bent Pyramid (Old Kingdom Egypt) Mesopotamia Elamite complex in the Khuzestan province of Iran, it is one of the few existing ziggurats outside Mesopotamia. Kaveh Kazemi / Getty Images The ancient Mesopotamians also built pyramids, known as ziggurats, stepped and built of sun-dried brick at its core, then veneered with a protective layer of fire-baked brick. Some of the brick was glazed in colors. The earliest known is located at Tepe Sialk in Iran, constructed in the early 3rd millennium BCE; not much is left but part of the foundations; precursor mastaba-like structures date to the Ubaid period. Each of the Sumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian, and Elamite cities in Mesopotamia had a ziggurat, and each ziggurat had a flat top where the temple or house of the citys deity. The one in Babylon likely inspired the Tower of Babylon verses in the bible. The best preserved of the 20 or so known ziggurats is that at Chogha Zanbil in Khuzestan, Iran, built about 1250 BCE for the Elamite king Untash-Huban. Several levels are missing today, but it once stood about 175 feet tall, with a square base measuring about 346 feet on a side.   Central America Lava Field at Cuicuilco (Mexico). Flowers bloom on the 50 BC eruption at Cuicuilco, they pyramid in the background. vladimix Pyramids in Central America were made by several different cultural groups, the Olmec, Maya, Aztec, Toltec, and Zapotec societies. Almost all of the Central American pyramids have square or rectangular bases, stepped sides, and flat tops. They are made of stone or earth or a mixture of both.   The oldest pyramid in central America was built during the early 4th century BCE, the Great Pyramid of Complex C at the Olmec site of La Venta. It is massive, 110 feet high and was a rectangular pyramid with stepped sides, made from adobe brick. It has been severely eroded into its current conical shape.   The largest pyramid in Central America is at the Teotihuacano site of Cholula., known as the Great Pyramid, La Gran Pirà ¡mide, or Tlachihualtepetl. Construction began in the 3rd century BCE, and it eventually grew to have a square base of 1,500 x 1,500 feet, or about four times that of the Giza pyramid, rising to a height of 217 feet. It is the largest pyramid on earth (just not the tallest).  It features a core of adobe brick covered over by a veneer of mortared stone which in turn was covered by a plaster surface.   The pyramid at the site of Cuicuilco near Mexico City is in the form of a truncated cone.  Pyramid A at the site of Cuicuilco was built about 150–50 BCE, but buried by the eruption of Xitli volcano in 450 CE.   ï » ¿Teotihuacan, Mexico Monte Alban, MexicoChichà ©n Itzà ¡, Mexico (Maya)Copan, Honduras (Maya)Palenque, Mexico (Maya)Tenochtitlan, Mexico (Aztec)Tikal, Belize (Maya) South America Sipan Pyramid, Peru (Moche)Huaca del Sol, Peru (Moche) North America Cahokia, Illinois (Mississippian)Etowah, Alabama (Mississippian)Aztalan, Wisconsin (Mississippian) Sources Harper D. 2001-2016. Pyramid: Online Etymology Dictionary. Accessed 25 December 2016.Moore JD. 1996. Architecture and Power in the Ancient Andes: The Archaeology of Public Buildings. New York: Cambridge University Press.Osborne JF. 2014. Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology. Albany: SUNY Press.Pluckhahn TJ, Thompson VD, and Rink WJ. 2016. Evidence for Stepped Pyramids of Shell in the Woodland Period of Eastern North America. American Antiquity 81(2):345-363.Romer J. 2007. The Great Pyramid: Ancient Egypt Revisited. New York: Cambridge University Press.Swartzman S. 1994. The Words of Mathematics: An Etymological Dictionary of Mathematical Terms. Washington DC: Mathematical Association of America.Trigger BG. 1990. Monumental architecture: . World Archaeology 22(2):119-132.behavioursymbolicofexplanationthermodynamicA Uziel J. 2010. Middle Bronze Age Ramparts: Functional and Symbolic Structures. Palestine Exploration Quarterly 142(1):24-30.Wicke CR. 1965. Pyramids and Temple Mounds: Mesoamerican Ceremonial Architecture in Eastern North America. American Antiquity 30(4):409-420.